The northern lights over Nuuk, Greenland, last month.

President Trump restated his belief this week that Greenland will eventually become part of the United States.

“I think it’ll happen,” Trump said when asked by a reporter about the possible U.S. annexation of the massive but sparsely populated Arctic island during an Oval Office meeting with NATO Secretary-General Mark Rutte on Thursday.

“We have to do it,” he added. “We really need it for national security.”

For now, Greenland belongs to Denmark. Though the island was treated as a colony for hundreds of years, its citizens have had authority over what happens within its borders since the late 1970s. That freedom includes the power to decide whether they want to remain a part of Denmark, join the U.S. or become an independent nation.

Trump first floated the concept of acquiring Greenland during his first presidential term, but there has been much more sustained focus on the concept since he returned to the White House in January. He has repeatedly made the case for bringing the island under U.S. influence, but has given mixed answers on how far he’s willing to go to make it happen

His joint address to Congress earlier this month included a message “for the incredible people of Greenland” in which he said he strongly supports their “right to determine your own future.” But about 20 seconds later, he said he thinks the U.S. will acquire the territory “one way or another.” Earlier this year, he refused to rule out taking Greenland by force.

For their part, Greenlanders appear to have little interest in joining the U.S. voluntarily. Polls show that 85% of the island’s citizens oppose the idea and nearly half of them see Trump’s interest in Greenland “as a threat.”

Greenland Prime Minister Múte Egede has bluntly stated, “We don't want to be Americans.” The island will soon have new leadership, but its position on U.S. annexation won’t change. Jens-Frederik Nielsen, the likely choice to replace Egede, is seeking a different path for his country.

“We want to be Greenlanders, and we want our own independence in the future,” he said Thursday.

Greenland is not a major economic power nor does it have a strong military to bolster U.S. forces. Its population is tiny and clearly wouldn’t welcome American ownership with open arms. So why does Trump want it so badly, to the point where he’s floated military action against a NATO ally to get it?

For one thing, it’s huge

While many maps tend to exaggerate Greenland’s size, it's still massive — at 836,330 square miles, it’s more than three times the size of Texas.

 

It’s considered to be the world’s largest island and, on its own, would be the 12th largest nation on Earth. It is also the least densely populated territory on the planet. More than 80% of its 56,000 residents occupy about a dozen towns along its coast; its vast, icy interior is essentially uninhabited.

Adding Greenland would allow the U.S. to leapfrog Canada and become the second-largest country in the world — though we’d still be a distant second to Russia.

Location, location, location

Not only is Greenland big, it’s also in a highly strategic area. Key sea routes that connect Northern Europe to North America run along its coastline, making it a critical location for managing both international shipping and military power in the Arctic.

The fabled Northwest Passage to the northern edge of Canada and the Arctic Bridge route that connects Scandinavia and Russia to North America’s East Coast both hug Greenland’s southern tip.

Greenland is also home to an American military missile defense base located far north of the Arctic Circle, a prime position to monitor — or potentially intercept — any Russian rockets headed toward the U.S. mainland.

Because of climate change, which has made many areas of the Arctic impossible to navigate due to melting ice, Greenland’s position will only become more important. Within the next 25 years, experts predict that enough ice will melt to open up the Transpolar Sea Route, a shipping lane that would cut straight across the North Pole and create a more efficient path between Asia and the Atlantic.

America and its allies are already jockeying with Russia and, to a certain extent, China over control over this swiftly evolving area of the globe. Owning Greenland would give the U.S. an enormous advantage in this geopolitical tug of war.

It’s changing

Like the sea ice that surrounds it, the ice that blankets Greenland’s vast interior is also melting. Nearly 2,000 square miles worth of ice has disappeared from the island’s surface over the past four decades. NASA refers to Greenland as a “canary in a coal mine” for climate change.

Greenland’s melting ice is one the biggest drivers of global sea level rise. It’s also causing a key ocean current known as the “great global ocean conveyor belt” to slow down, which could have huge implications for weather around the world.

But where climate experts see reasons to worry about Greenland’s ice melt, others see opportunity. That’s because Greenland is home to huge yet largely untapped stores of rare earth minerals needed to make a wide range of high-tech products — everything from smart phones to computers to fighter jets to green energy technologies.

The U.S. used to be the world’s top producer of rare earth minerals. Today it’s China. To counter China’s dominance, U.S. leaders have moved to increase its own mineral mining while also working to open up foreign sources for the materials. Greenland’s receding ice could set off a mineral “gold rush,” as large deposits of high-value minerals become accessible for the first time.

Greenland currently puts strict limits on mining within its territory and has banned oil and gas extraction entirely over environmental concerns. Having full command of the island could give the U.S. the power to roll back those restrictions, make larger swaths of the island available for development and seize a larger share of the profits that result.

Many Greenlanders see a ramped up mining industry as a key to their economic future, but even local support might not be enough to turn the dream of a mineral windfall into a reality. Foreigners have been coming to Greenland seeking to extract its riches for centuries, only to be turned away by its harsh terrain and brutal climate. Some experts believe that even with modern technology, tapping Greenland’s mineral resources may be too difficult and expensive to make large-scale mining economically viable.

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Trump believes US will annex Greenland as NATO leader tells him the organization will sit out potential takeover

President Donald Trump said he believes the U.S. will annex Greenland as he sat next to the head of NATO in the Oval Office Thursday — though the Dutch politician took a more diplomatic approach to the issue.

“I think it’ll happen,” Trump told reporters, sitting next to NATO Secretary-General Mark Rutte.

“We need that for international security, not just national security,” the president said of the island. Trump noted that he was sitting with Rutte, who he referred to as “a man that could be very instrumental” in such a transaction even though neither Denmark nor the Greenlandic population are interested in ceding the territory to the U.S.

Rutte, appearing slightly chagrined by the president’s remarks, replied: “When it comes to Greenland, joining or not joining the U.S., I would leave that outside ... this discussion because I do not want to drag NATO into that.”

But the former Dutch prime minister quickly pivoted to praising Trump by stating that he was “totally right” about the need to maintain a security posture in “the high north and the Arctic.”

Trump replied that Denmark is “very far away” from Greenland and noted that there’s already an American military presence there before suggesting that the U.S. could send “more and more soldiers” there, implying that they could be used to take control of the island, and asked: “What do you think about that?”

Turning to Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth, Trump quickly added: “Pete, Don’t answer that.”

Trump and Rutte spoke to the press on Thursday as the president met with the military alliance leader.The two spoke on several topics including the Ukraine-Russia war and funding NATO. But Trump was asked about his continued desire to add Greenland.

The world’s largest island, Greenland is currently the subject of a longstanding defense agreement between the United States and Denmark that allows the U.S. to operate military facilities there, including Ptiuffik Space Base, formerly known as Thule Air Base.

The United States once offered to purchase the island in the wake of the Second World War but the Danish government declined the offer. Since winning the 2024 presidential election, Trump has repeatedly threatened to annex Greenland in public remarks on a number of occasions.

The Danish government and the Greenlandic government have both said that the territory is not up for sale.

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Greenland's politicians unite against Trump

Greenland's leading political parties have issued a joint statement to condemn Donald Trump's "unacceptable behaviour", after the US president seemed to escalate his campaign to take over the island.

The show of unity saw all leaders of parties in the Inatsisartut - the parliament - release a joint message saying they "cannot accept the repeated statements about annexation and control of Greenland".

It follows a meeting between Trump and Nato's secretary general Mark Rutte on Thursday, where the president seemed to double down on his annexation plan.

Greenland's joint statement was orchestrated by outgoing Prime Minister Mute B Egede, whose party was defeated in an election on Tuesday.

"Our country will never be the USA and we Greenlanders will never be Americans," Egede wrote on Facebook. "Don't keep treating us with disrespect. Enough is enough."

Greenland - the world's biggest island, between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans - has been controlled by Denmark, nearly 3,000km (1,860 miles) away, for about 300 years.

Greenland governs its own domestic affairs, but decisions on foreign and defence policy are made in Copenhagen.

The US has long had a security interest in the island. It has had a military base there since World War Two, and Trump is probably also keen on the rare earth minerals that could be mined.

Greenland was already on the defensive about Trump's annexing talk, but his comments to Rutte at the White House sent further shockwaves when he implied that Nato's help might be needed to seize the island.

"You know, Mark, we need that for international security... we have a lot of our favourite players cruising around the coast, and we have to be careful," Trump said.

"We'll be talking to you," he added.

When asked about the prospect of annexation, Trump said: "I think that will happen."

Rutte has been criticised in both Greenland and Denmark for not reprimanding Trump. Instead, he said he would "leave that [issue] outside... I do not want to drag Nato into that".

He then pivoted to praise - something several world leaders have used when dealing with Donald Trump - saying he was "totally right" to see security in the Arctic maintained.

The joint statement from Greenland's politicians emphasised that they are united in their pushback against Trump's plan.

"Greenland continues the work for Greenland," the statement said.

"We all stand behind this effort and strongly distance ourselves from attempts to create discord."

Their decision to speak out came three days after elections in which the centre-right opposition - the Democratic Party - won a surprise victory.

Its leader, Jens-Frederik Nielsen, who is likely to be Greenland's new prime minister, is now negotiating with other parties to form a coalition.

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