The birth of a child is a moment of joy and celebration, but it can also come with complications. One such complication is a brachial plexus birth injury, a condition that affects the network of nerves controlling movement and sensation in a newborn’s shoulder, arm, and hand. These injuries can have lasting consequences, sometimes requiring extensive medical treatment and even legal intervention.

Understanding Brachial Plexus Birth Injury

The brachial plexus is a bundle of nerves that originates from the spinal cord in the neck and extends into the arm. These nerves are responsible for controlling the movement and sensation in the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand. When excessive force is applied during childbirth, it can cause damage to the brachial plexus, leading to weakness, loss of movement, or even permanent paralysis.

Causes of Brachial Plexus Birth Injury

Several factors contribute to a brachial plexus birth injury, including:

Difficult or Prolonged Labor – When labor is prolonged or difficult, doctors may use excessive force to assist the baby’s delivery, increasing the risk of nerve damage.

Shoulder Dystocia – This occurs when a baby’s shoulder becomes stuck behind the mother’s pelvic bone, requiring forceful maneuvers that can injure the brachial plexus.

Improper Use of Birthing Tools – The use of forceps or vacuum extractors can place excessive strain on the baby’s neck and shoulder region.

Large Baby Size (Macrosomia) – Babies that weigh more than 8 pounds 13 ounces are at a higher risk because their size can make delivery more challenging.

Breech Birth Position – When a baby is delivered feet or buttocks first, there is an increased risk of excessive stretching or compression of the brachial plexus nerves.

Types of Brachial Plexus Injuries

Brachial plexus birth injuries vary in severity and are classified into four main types:

Neurapraxia – The mildest form, where the nerves are stretched but not torn. Most cases recover within a few months.

Neuroma – Occurs when scar tissue forms around a stretched nerve, disrupting normal nerve function.

Rupture – A more severe injury where the nerve is torn but not completely detached from the spinal cord.

Avulsion – The most serious type, where the nerve is completely torn from the spinal cord, leading to permanent damage.

Symptoms of Brachial Plexus Birth Injury

Newborns with a brachial plexus birth injury may exhibit symptoms such as:

• Weakness or limpness in one arm

• Decreased grip strength on the affected side

• Lack of movement in the shoulder or upper arm

• Abnormal reflexes in the affected arm

• Pain or sensitivity in severe cases

Treatment Options for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury

The treatment for a brachial plexus birth injury depends on its severity. Some infants recover naturally, while others require medical intervention, including:

Physical Therapy – Gentle stretching and range-of-motion exercises can help improve strength and mobility.

Occupational Therapy – Helps children adapt to limited mobility by teaching them functional skills.

Medications – Pain relievers and anti-inflammatory drugs may be used in severe cases.

Surgery – If there is no improvement within 6 to 12 months, surgical intervention such as nerve grafting or tendon transfers may be necessary.

Legal Aspects and Medical Malpractice

In some cases, a brachial plexus birth injury results from medical negligence. Errors by healthcare providers can fall under types of medical malpractice, including:

Failure to Monitor Fetal Distress – If doctors fail to recognize signs of fetal distress, they may not take timely action to prevent complications.

Improper Delivery Techniques – Excessive pulling or twisting of the baby’s head and neck can result in permanent nerve damage.

Misuse of Birthing Tools – The improper use of forceps or vacuum extractors can lead to excessive force on the baby’s shoulders and neck.

Failure to Recommend a C-Section – If a vaginal delivery poses risks, doctors should recommend a cesarean section to avoid complications.

Seeking Legal Help for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury

If your child has suffered a brachial plexus birth injury due to medical negligence, you may have grounds for a legal claim. A medical malpractice attorney can help you:

• Determine whether negligence occurred

• Gather medical records and expert testimony

• Pursue compensation for medical expenses, rehabilitation, and emotional distress

• Hold responsible parties accountable

Conclusion

A brachial plexus birth injury can have a profound impact on a child’s life, but early intervention and proper medical care can improve outcomes. If the injury resulted from negligence, legal options are available to help families secure the compensation they need for ongoing care. Understanding the types of medical malpractice that contribute to such injuries can empower parents to take action and ensure their child receives the best possible support.