The integrating of democratic structures to create a de facto one-party system. This isn't the classic one-party state of the 20th century, which often came about through revolution or military force. Instead, it's a "competitive authoritarian" model where elections are held, but the ruling party has such a dominant advantage that the opposition has little to no chance of winning power.

Here's a more detailed look at how this plays out in Africa, South America, and Asia:

The Mechanisms of Dominance-

The "one-party system in a democratic shell" relies on a combination of tactics:

1. Hollowing Out Institutions: The ruling party uses its legislative majority to gradually dismantle or weaken the checks and balances that are meant to hold it accountable. This includes:

   • Controlling the Judiciary: Appointing loyal judges to the supreme court or constitutional court to ensure favorable rulings.

   • Subjugating the Electoral Commission: Using political pressure or budget cuts to compromise the independence of the body that oversees elections.

   • Silencing the Legislature: Using procedural rules to block or sideline opposition bills and debates, turning the legislative body into a rubber stamp.

2. State Capture and Patronage: The ruling party blurs the line between itself and the state.

   • Rewarding Loyalists: Government jobs, contracts, and resources are funneled to party members and their allies. This creates a powerful network of support that is financially dependent on the party's continued rule.

   • Punishing Opponents: Businesses or individuals who support the opposition may face tax audits, regulatory hurdles, or have their contracts revoked. This discourages dissent.

3. Controlling the Information Environment: In the age of social media, controlling the narrative is as important as controlling the ballot box.

   • Dominating State Media: State-owned media becomes a mouthpiece for the ruling party, providing wall-to-wall favorable coverage.

   • Suppressing Independent Press: Journalists who report critically on the government face harassment, legal action, or outright violence.

   • Weaponizing Social Media: Spreading disinformation and propaganda online to discredit the opposition and shape public opinion.

Examples by Continent-

Africa-

Many countries in Africa, after transitioning to multi-party democracy, have seen the rise of a single dominant party that has governed for decades. This is often a party that emerged from a liberation movement and claims historical legitimacy.

• South Africa: The African National Congress (ANC), which led the fight against apartheid, has been the dominant force since the end of white-minority rule in 1994. While elections are free and fair, the ANC's overwhelming majority has led to a lack of a strong opposition, and critics point to issues of corruption and a slow erosion of accountability.

• Zimbabwe: The Zimbabwe African National Union–Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) has maintained power since independence in 1980. The party has used a combination of intimidation, control over state resources, and electoral manipulation to stay in power, effectively turning the country into a one-party state despite multi-party elections.

• Rwanda: Under the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), led by President Paul Kagame, the country has achieved impressive economic growth and stability. However, this has come at the cost of political freedom. Opposition parties are banned or co-opted, and dissent is not tolerated, making it a "de facto one-party state" despite holding elections.

South America-

The trend in South America often involves a charismatic populist leader who, after being democratically elected, uses their popularity to dismantle institutional checks and balances.

• Venezuela: The late Hugo Chávez and his successor, Nicolás Maduro, came to power through popular elections. However, over time, the government used its control over state oil revenues to build a loyal support base, while systematically weakening the judiciary, the legislature, and the electoral body to suppress all meaningful opposition. The result has been a complete breakdown of democracy and the establishment of a de facto one-party system under the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV).

• El Salvador: President Nayib Bukele, a populist leader who came to power with a strong mandate, has used his legislative supermajority to fire the country's highest court and top prosecutor. While popular for his aggressive stance on gang violence, critics argue that he has dismantled democratic institutions and concentrated power, turning the country towards an authoritarian model.

Asia-

In Asia, this phenomenon often combines a strong focus on economic development with a gradual erosion of political rights.

• Cambodia: Under the rule of Hun Sen, the Cambodian People's Party (CPP) has dominated the country's politics for decades. The CPP has used a combination of state control, intimidation, and the dissolution of the main opposition party to ensure that it faces no serious challenge to its power. The recent transfer of power from Hun Sen to his son, Hun Manet, further solidified the party's dynastic rule.

• Singapore: The People's Action Party (PAP) has governed Singapore since independence. While the country holds regular elections and has a strong rule of law, the political environment is carefully managed. The PAP maintains its dominance through strict controls on media, public gatherings, and legal action against opponents, which critics argue stifles genuine political competition.

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These are other crucial examples from Africa. Nigeria, Cameroon, and Côte d'Ivoire each offer distinct variations of the "democratic authoritarian" model, where democratic forms are present but the spirit of a truly competitive, open political system is absent.

Nigeria: The Challenge of Elite Consensus-

Nigeria's case is less about a single dominant party and more about a political elite that operates with a "gentleman's agreement" on power-sharing, often across ethnic and regional lines. While the country has a multi-party system and a history of peaceful transfers of power, it faces several challenges that reflect authoritarian tendencies:

• Democratic Backsliding: There are consistent concerns about the integrity of the electoral process, including vote-buying, voter intimidation, and the use of state resources by the incumbent party.

• Political Corruption: Widespread corruption erodes public trust and allows a small group of elites to maintain control over the economy and political system, regardless of which party is in power. The state's reliance on oil revenues, rather than a broad tax base, means that the political class is less accountable to the average citizen.

• Repression of Dissent: There have been numerous reports of the government using state security agencies to harass and detain journalists, activists, and critics. The brutal crackdown on the #EndSARS protests against police brutality is a prominent example of the state using force to suppress a popular movement.

• Digital Authoritarianism: The government has used technology to surveil, harass, and repress independent voices, a tactic that has been observed in other authoritarian contexts.

Cameroon: An "Electoral Autocracy"-

Cameroon is a classic example of an "electoral autocracy" or "electoral authoritarianism," where multi-party elections are held, but the outcome is predetermined.

• Long-serving President: Paul Biya has been president since 1982, making him one of the world's longest-serving non-royal heads of state. This longevity is a hallmark of many authoritarian regimes.

• Repression and Control: The ruling Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (CPDM) represses political opposition and manipulates elections to ensure its perpetual victory. The government has also used a broad anti-terrorism law to target political opponents and journalists.

• Marginalization and Conflict: The country's political system has been unable to address deep-seated ethnic and regional grievances, particularly those of the English-speaking minority, which has led to a protracted armed conflict in the Anglophone regions. This conflict is a symptom of a political system that does not allow for genuine political participation or power-sharing.

Côte d'Ivoire: Fragile Democracy and Deep-Seated Divides-

Côte d'Ivoire has made significant strides toward democracy since its post-electoral crisis of 2010-2011, but its system remains fragile and susceptible to authoritarian backsliding.

• Manipulation of Constitutional Law: The incumbent government has used constitutional reforms to remove political opponents from the presidential race and consolidate power. For example, President Alassane Ouattara's decision to seek a third term was widely criticized as a circumvention of constitutional limits and led to a boycott by the opposition.

• Politicization of the Judiciary: The judiciary is often seen as lacking independence, with court rulings frequently viewed as politically motivated. This was evident in the disqualification of key opposition figures from running for office.

• Exclusionary Politics: Political divisions in Côte d'Ivoire are often rooted in ethnicity and national identity. The government has been accused of using the legal system to exclude opponents and their supporters from the political process, a phenomenon known as "Ivoirité."

These examples illustrate that the "wolf in sheep's clothing" metaphor is not a one-size-fits-all concept. Instead, it manifests in different ways, from subtle electoral manipulation to overt repression, but the end goal remains the same: to concentrate power in the hands of a few while maintaining a facade of democracy.