The growing influence of non-Western powers in Africa is fundamentally reshaping the continent's relationships with former colonial powers.

This shift allows African nations to diversify their partnerships, access new sources of investment, and gain greater leverage in international relations.

For former colonial powers, this growing competition means they can no longer take their influence for granted, as their historical relationships are being challenged by new actors offering different models of engagement.

China's Economic and Political Influence-

China is arguably the most significant non-Western power impacting Africa's geopolitical landscape, primarily through its economic initiatives.

• Infrastructure and Debt: China has become Africa's largest bilateral trading partner and creditor, financing and building critical infrastructure like ports, railways, and highways. This has provided African nations with a much-needed alternative to Western development aid, which often comes with strict political conditions. However, it also raises concerns about debt sustainability, as some African countries have accrued significant debt to China.

• Political Model: China's policy of non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries is attractive to many African leaders. This approach contrasts sharply with the Western emphasis on democracy and human rights, allowing for partnerships without the pressure of political reform.

Russia's Military and Diplomatic Influence-

Russia's influence in Africa is focused on security and diplomacy, often leveraging Cold War-era ties and anti-Western sentiment.

• Security Cooperation: Russia is a major arms supplier to Africa and has signed military cooperation agreements with numerous countries. It often provides security assistance and training to authoritarian governments and those facing internal conflicts, sometimes through the deployment of private military contractors like the Wagner Group. This helps to prop up regimes and secure access to resources without the scrutiny that might come with Western military aid.

• Diplomatic Support: Russia uses its position in international forums like the UN to support African governments, particularly in a way that challenges Western positions. This diplomatic backing provides a counterbalance to the influence of former colonial powers.

Turkey's Economic and Cultural Engagement-

Turkey has rapidly expanded its presence in Africa through a multi-faceted approach combining economic, military, and cultural ties.

• Trade and Investment: Turkey has increased its diplomatic footprint, with the number of its embassies in Africa growing significantly. This has been accompanied by a boom in bilateral trade, driven by Turkish companies investing in construction, infrastructure, and consumer goods. This economic engagement offers African nations another avenue for development and trade diversification.

• Military and Cultural Diplomacy: Turkey has become an important player in the African security landscape, particularly through the export of its advanced drones and military training. Its cultural and religious ties, especially with Muslim-majority nations, also strengthen its influence and help it build a unique relationship that is separate from traditional Western or Chinese models.