Russia signed a strategic partnership treaty with Iran on Friday that follows similar pacts with China and North Korea. All three countries are adversaries of the United States, and Russia has used its ties with them to help blunt the impact of Western sanctions and boost its war effort in Ukraine.

Here are some of the key points of the agreements.

RUSSIA-CHINA "NO LIMITS" PARTNERSHIP, 2022

Presidents Vladimir Putin and Xi Jinping met in Beijing on Feb. 4, 2022 and announced a strategic partnership that they said was aimed at countering the influence of the United States and would have "no 'forbidden' areas of cooperation". It was signed 20 days before Putin launched his full-scale invasion of Ukraine.

Moscow and Beijing said their relationship was superior to any Cold War era alliance and they would work together in fields including space, climate change, artificial intelligence and control of the internet. They did not declare a formal military alliance, but have held high-profile joint exercises in the past three years, and Putin has described China as an ally. Bilateral trade, in dollar terms, reached $244.8 billion in 2024, up from $146.9 billion in 2021, and China is a top buyer of Russian oil. The U.S. accuses China of helping to power Russia's war effort in Ukraine by providing it with components used in arms production, such as microelectronics, that it can no longer source in the West because of sanctions.

RUSSIA-NORTH KOREA STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP, 2024

Putin and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un signed a "comprehensive strategic partnership" pact in Pyongyang on June 19, 2024, including a mutual defence clause in case of aggression against either country. Kim expressed "unconditional support" for "all of Russia's policies", including "a full support and firm alliance" for Russia's war in Ukraine. Putin has said Russia would help North Korea build satellites.

The U.S. and South Korea say North Korea has shipped ballistic missiles, anti-tank rockets and millions of rounds of ammunition for Russia to use in the war. Moscow and Pyongyang have denied weapons transfers.

Ukraine, South Korea and the U.S. say Kim has sent 11,000 troops to fight for Russia in its western Kursk region, part of which has been held by Ukraine since August. Ukraine says many North Korean soldiers have been killed and wounded, and last week said for the first time that it had captured two of them alive. Moscow has never confirmed or denied their presence.

RUSSIA-IRAN AGREEMENT, JANUARY 2025

The deal was signed in Moscow on Friday by Putin and Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian, who said it would take their relations to a new level across a host of areas including trade, transport and energy. The treaty says the two sides will work together against military threats and take part in joint exercises. It does not contain a mutual defence clause - unlike Russia's treaties with North Korea and Belarus - but says if one country is attacked, the other must not provide any military or other assistance to the aggressor.

There is no specific mention of arms transfers, a topic of particular concern to the U.S. and its allies, but the two sides say they will develop their "military-technical cooperation".

Russia has made extensive use of Iranian drones in the Ukraine war. The U.S. accused Tehran in September of delivering close-range ballistic missiles to Russia for use against Ukraine, which Tehran denied. The Kremlin has declined to confirm it received Iranian missiles, but has acknowledged that its cooperation with Iran includes "the most sensitive areas".

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Key provisions of Russia-Iran strategic cooperation treaty

Russian President Vladimir Putin and his Iranian counterpart Masoud Pezeshkian on Friday signed a 20-year strategic partnership treaty that includes closer defence cooperation, something likely to worry the West.

Here are the key points:

GENERAL

The two sides will work to deepen their relationship in all areas of mutual interest. They will strengthen cooperation in security and defence, and closely coordinate their activities at regional and global levels, aiming for a long-term, comprehensive and strategic partnership.

SECURITY

The two countries will work together against common military threats, take part in joint exercises and develop their "military-technical cooperation". If one is attacked, the other shall not assist the aggressor and will seek to resolve differences based on the U.N. Charter and international law.

Neither side will allow its territory to be used to support separatist movements or actions threatening the other's stability and territorial integrity. To tackle common threats, their intelligence and security services will share information and experience and work more closely together.

ENERGY

Russia and Iran will promote cooperation between their energy companies and encourage investments in projects for developing oil and gas fields.

NUCLEAR

Both parties will work on long-term joint projects on the peaceful use of nuclear energy including the construction of nuclear power stations.

TRADE

The two sides will work together to create a modern payment system that is independent of third countries, with settlement in national currencies. They will strengthen direct interbank cooperation and promote their national financial products.

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