Soil monitoring involves scientifically testing and analyzing the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil to assess its health. Key indicators monitored include soil moisture, temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (salinity), nutrients (such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), and pollutants (such as heavy metals and pesticide residues). This technology facilitates precise irrigation and fertilization, improving crop yields and quality while preventing soil degradation and pollution and ensuring agricultural product safety. Soil monitoring is crucial for sustainable agriculture, optimizing resource utilization, addressing climate change, supporting land use planning, and promoting ecological restoration. The application of modern technologies, such as sensors, the Internet of Things, and remote sensing, makes monitoring more efficient and accurate, promoting the development of smart agriculture. https://www.renkeer.com/soil-moisture-measurement-and-calculation/