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Regulatory Compliance in Credit Risk Modeling

See how Basel III, IFRS 9, and other regulations shape credit risk modeling practices for banks and financial institutions.

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What steps can individuals take to protect themselves from being victims of cyber fraud?

Protecting oneself from cyber fraud requires a multi-layered approach, combining vigilance, good digital hygiene, and staying informed about the latest scam tactics.
Given the prevalence of cyber fraud in Taiwan, here are crucial steps individuals can take:

I. Be Skeptical and Verify Everything
"Too Good to Be True" is a Red Flag: If an offer (job, investment, prize, online deal) sounds incredibly lucrative or requires minimal effort for huge returns, it's almost certainly a scam.

Verify Identities Independently:
Impersonation: Scammers frequently impersonate government officials, police, banks, utility companies, tech support, even friends or family members (e.g., the "guess who" scam where they claim a new phone number).

Always Verify: If you receive an urgent request for money or personal information, do not trust the contact method you received it on. Call the organization or person back using an officially published phone number (from their official website, the back of your bank card, or a trusted directory), not a number provided in the suspicious message.

Government SMS: In Taiwan, government agencies use the "111" SMS short code for official messages. Any message claiming to be from the government not using this code should be treated as suspicious.

Inspect Links and Emails Carefully:
Hover Before Clicking: Before clicking on any link in an email or message, hover your mouse cursor over it to see the actual URL. Look for misspellings, extra characters, or unfamiliar domains.

Check Sender's Email: Look closely at the sender's email address. Scammers often use addresses that are similar but not identical to legitimate ones (e.g., "support@appple.com" instead of "support@apple.com").

Grammar and Spelling: Poor grammar, typos, and awkward phrasing are common in scam messages.

Be Wary of Urgency and Threats: Scammers often create a sense of panic or urgency ("Your account will be closed!", "You'll be arrested!", "Limited-time offer!"). This is designed to make you act without thinking.

II. Secure Your Accounts and Devices
Strong, Unique Passwords: Use long, complex passwords (a mix of uppercase, lowercase, numbers, and symbols) that are unique for every online account.

Password Managers: Consider using a reputable password manager to generate and store strong, unique passwords securely.

Enable Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) / Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): This adds an extra layer of security. Even if a scammer gets your password, they can't log in without the second factor (e.g., a code from your phone, a fingerprint, a hardware token). Enable this on all sensitive accounts (email, banking, social media, online shopping).

Keep Software Updated: Regularly update your operating system, web browsers, antivirus software, and all applications. These updates often include critical security patches that protect against known vulnerabilities.

Use Antivirus/Anti-malware Software: Install and maintain reputable antivirus and anti-malware software on all your devices (computers, smartphones, tablets).

Be Cautious with Public Wi-Fi: Avoid conducting sensitive transactions (online banking, shopping) on unsecured public Wi-Fi networks. Use a Virtual Private Network (VPN) for added security if you must.

III. Protect Your Personal and Financial Information
Never Share Sensitive Information Carelessly:

PINs, Passwords, OTPs: Never share your banking PINs, online banking passwords, or one-time passcodes (OTPs) with anyone. Legitimate organizations will never ask for these.

Personal Data: Be extremely cautious about providing your ID number, bank account details, credit card numbers, or other sensitive PII online or over the phone unless you initiated the contact and are certain of the recipient's legitimacy.

Reshipping Scams: Never accept or reship packages for someone you don't know, especially if the "job" seems too easy. You could be unknowingly participating in a reshipping scam.

Monitor Your Accounts:
Bank and Credit Card Statements: Regularly review your bank and credit card statements for any unauthorized or suspicious transactions. Report them to your bank immediately.

Credit Reports: Periodically check your credit report for any accounts opened in your name without your knowledge.

Be Careful What You Share on Social Media: Fraudsters often gather information from social media profiles to make their scams more convincing (e.g., knowing family members' names, recent travel plans, or hobbies). Adjust your privacy settings and be mindful of what you post publicly.

Avoid Unsolicited Downloads/Attachments: Do not open email attachments or download software from unknown or suspicious sources, as they may contain malware.

IV. Recognize Common Scams (Specific to Taiwan's Context)
Based on recent trends in Taiwan:
Investment Scams (especially crypto): This is the most prevalent and financially devastating scam.

Lure: Promises of high, quick returns with little risk, often promoted via Facebook ads impersonating celebrities or financial experts.

Method: Victims are typically directed to LINE groups, then instructed to download fake investment apps or websites where they deposit money (often cryptocurrency). The app shows fake profits, but victims cannot withdraw their funds and are pressured to invest more.

Protection: Only invest through licensed financial institutions and reputable platforms. Be highly suspicious of unsolicited investment advice. If it's not a major, well-known financial firm, assume it's a scam.

Fake Customer Service/One-Page Scams:
Lure: Ads or links on social media leading to fake product sales or claims of customer service issues for online purchases.

Method: May involve fake "customer service" guiding victims to transfer money or provide verification codes that enable unauthorized bank transfers.

Protection: Always go directly to the official website of the company for customer service. Never click links in suspicious messages.

Impersonation Scams ("Guess Who?"):
Lure: A message (SMS, LINE) from an unknown number claiming to be a friend or family member with a "new number" or in an "emergency" needing money.

Protection: Always call the person back on their known, old number to verify. Ask a personal question only they would know.

Fake Police/Prosecutor Scams:
Lure: Impersonators claim you're involved in money laundering or fraud, demanding transfers to "secure" your assets.

Protection: Law enforcement and judicial bodies in Taiwan will never demand money transfers or ask for your bank details over the phone for investigation. Hang up and call the official 165 anti-fraud hotline or local police station directly.

V. What to Do If You Suspect or Are a Victim of Fraud:
Stop All Communication: Immediately cease contact with the suspected fraudsters.

Gather Evidence: Collect all relevant information: messages, emails, transaction details, screenshots, website URLs, phone numbers.

Report Immediately:
Taiwan National Police Agency Anti-Fraud Hotline: 165 (This is your first point of contact in Taiwan).

Report to Your Bank: If money was transferred or accounts compromised, notify your bank immediately to freeze transactions and accounts.

Report to the Platform: If the scam originated on Facebook, LINE, Instagram, etc., report the account or ad to the platform.

Change Passwords: If any accounts might be compromised, change their passwords immediately.

By adopting these proactive and reactive measures, individuals can significantly reduce their risk of falling victim to cyber fraud.

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Afghanistan's Economy:
Navigating a Profound Crisis with Nascent Stability. (Part 1)

As of early 2025, Afghanistan's economy remains in a state of profound crisis, though some measures of macroeconomic stabilization have been observed following the catastrophic collapse in late 2021 and 2022. The economy operates at a significantly reduced capacity, what some economists term a "low-level equilibrium."

Key Details:-

Severe Contraction and Stagnation: The economy experienced a massive contraction (over 20-25% in the initial year after the Taliban takeover). While the freefall has largely halted, meaningful recovery and growth remain elusive. GDP per capita has plummeted, pushing a vast majority of the population into poverty.

Humanitarian Crisis: A severe humanitarian crisis persists, with over half the population facing acute food insecurity. While international humanitarian aid continues to flow, it is insufficient to address the widespread need and does not replace the development aid that previously propped up the economy.

Banking and Financial Sector Paralysis: The formal banking sector is largely dysfunctional due to frozen foreign reserves, international sanctions, a lack of liquidity, and the absence of correspondent banking relationships. This severely hampers trade, investment, and everyday transactions.

Drastic Reduction in International Aid: The cessation of large-scale international development aid, which previously financed around 75% of public spending, has had a devastating impact on aggregate demand, public services, and employment.

Dominance of Agriculture and Informal Economy: Agriculture remains a crucial sector, employing a large portion of the population, but it is highly vulnerable to recurrent droughts (a significant issue in recent years) and lacks investment. The informal economy, including illicit activities like opium cultivation (despite an official ban), plays a substantial role.

Nascent Private Sector Activity: Some small-scale private sector activity, particularly in trade (including coal exports to Pakistan) and micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), continues. The Taliban administration has focused on domestic revenue collection (customs, some taxes) and reports some success in curbing corruption, which has contributed to relative currency stability in the afghani.

Restrictions on Women and Human Capital Flight: Severe restrictions on women's education and employment are not only a grave social concern but also a significant economic impediment, shrinking the available workforce and potential for human capital development. A substantial "brain drain" of skilled professionals has further weakened institutional capacity.

Limited International Engagement: Lack of formal recognition of the Taliban administration by most countries limits access to international financial institutions, foreign investment, and broader trade relationships.
Fiscal Challenges: While the Taliban administration has managed to collect domestic revenue to cover its basic operating budget, this budget is drastically smaller than pre-2021 levels and lacks funds for significant development or public services.

Outlook: The economic outlook for Afghanistan in 2025 remains bleak. Without a significant improvement in the political and security situation, meaningful engagement with the international community, a resolution to the banking crisis, and a reversal of policies that restrict human capital (especially for women), the economy is likely to remain stagnant at a very low level, with continued high rates of poverty and humanitarian need.

By Jo Ikeji-Uju
https://afriprime.net/pages/Anything

Big Data Investment Trends in Banking Sector 2032

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The Big Data Analytics in Banking Market is experiencing significant growth, driven by rising demand for real-time insights, predictive modeling, and enhanced customer experiences across global financial institutions. With the ongoing digital transformation and rapid advancements in AI and machine learning, banking systems are leveraging data analytics to streamline operations, mitigate risk, and deliver personalized services.

## Key Actors and Methods in the Financing of Islamic Extremism in Nigeria and West Africa

Islamic extremist groups operating in Nigeria and the broader West African region, notably Boko Haram factions (including JAS) and the Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP), alongside Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) and Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISGS) in the Sahel, sustain their activities through a complex and multifaceted network of financial and material support. Funding sources range from localized criminal activities and resource exploitation to international financial networks and support from global extremist organizations.

**Key Funding Mechanisms:**

* **Criminal Activities:** A primary revenue stream for these groups is direct criminal enterprise. This includes:
* **Kidnapping for Ransom:** A highly lucrative tactic, targeting both locals and foreigners, generating significant income.
* **Extortion and Taxation:** Imposing levies on local populations, businesses, and economic activities (such as farming, fishing, and trade) in areas under their control or influence. For instance, ISWAP is known to tax the lucrative fish and red pepper trade in the Lake Chad Basin.
* **Bank Robberies and Looting:** Direct attacks on financial institutions and pillaging of communities.
* **Trafficking:** Involvement in various forms of trafficking, including arms, drugs, and humans, often leveraging porous borders and existing criminal networks.
* **Exploitation of Natural Resources:** Extremist groups exploit natural resources in areas they operate. This includes:
* **Illegal Mining:** Particularly of gold in regions like the Sahel. Groups like JNIM have been linked to the control and taxation of artisanal gold mining sites.
* **Control of Agricultural and Fishing Economies:** As seen with Boko Haram and ISWAP in the Lake Chad Basin, controlling and taxing these local industries provides substantial revenue.
* **Local Support Networks:**
* **Wealthy Sympathizers and Professionals:** Reports suggest that some local politicians, religious sympathizers, and wealthy professionals provide financial support to these groups, sometimes through "protection money."
* **Bureau De Change Operators:** The Nigerian government has identified and arrested Bureau De Change operators involved in facilitating financial transactions for extremist groups.
* **International Support and Networks:**
* **ISIS Core Support to ISWAP:** ISWAP, as an affiliate of the Islamic State, reportedly receives financial backing from the ISIS core. This includes alleged monthly payments to fighters and funds to support governance-like activities in areas ISWAP controls.
* **Foreign Donations and Remittances:** While often opaque, foreign donations and remittances from sympathizers abroad contribute to funding. These may be channeled through informal money transfer systems (like hawalas) or disguised through charitable organizations.
* **Specific International Financing Cells:** A notable case involved a Boko Haram financing cell based in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Six Nigerian individuals were convicted in the UAE and subsequently sanctioned by the U.S. Treasury for establishing this cell, which funneled hundreds of thousands of dollars to Boko Haram in Nigeria. Individuals like Abdurrahman Ado Musa were central to this network.
* **Alleged Al-Qaeda Links:** Historically, Boko Haram was reported to have received initial funding from Al-Qaeda. While current direct financial ties are less clear, ideological affiliations and potential connections with Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and its successor JNIM remain a factor in the regional extremist landscape.

**Identified Individuals and Entities:**

* **Nigerian Government Actions:** The Nigerian government has arrested and sanctioned individuals suspected of terrorism financing. For instance, **Abdurrahaman Musa Ado** was designated by Nigeria's Sanctions Committee as a terrorist financier. The government has also spoken of uncovering a significant funding ring involving numerous individuals and businesses.
* **U.S. Sanctions:** The United States has designated several individuals for supporting Boko Haram. Notably, six Nigerians linked to the UAE-based financing cell were sanctioned:
* **Abdurrahman Ado Musa**
* **Salihu Yusuf Adamu**
* **Bashir Ali Yusuf**
* **Muhammed Ibrahim Isa**
* **Ibrahim Ali Alhassan**
* **Surajo Abubakar Muhammad**
These individuals were found guilty of transferring significant funds from Dubai to Boko Haram in Nigeria.
* **Global Terrorist Organizations:** ISWAP is an officially recognized affiliate of the Islamic State (ISIS), and JNIM is aligned with Al-Qaeda. This affiliation implies a degree of command, control, and potentially material and financial support from these global entities, as evidenced by ISIS's financial backing of ISWAP.

**Challenges in Countering Terrorism Financing:**

Despite efforts by national governments and international bodies like the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), the Inter-Governmental Action Group against Money Laundering in West Africa (GIABA), and the United Nations, disrupting terrorist financing in the region remains a significant challenge. These challenges include:

* **Cash-Based Economies:** The prevalence of informal, cash-based economies makes tracking illicit financial flows difficult.
* **Porous Borders:** Weak border security facilitates the movement of cash, goods, and individuals involved in illicit activities.
* **Difficult Terrain and Ungoverned Spaces:** Large, remote, and often ungoverned or poorly governed areas provide safe havens for extremist groups to operate and generate funds.
* **Difficulties in Prosecution:** Even when financiers are identified, securing convictions can be challenging due to legal and evidentiary hurdles.
* **Adaptability of Terrorist Groups:** Extremist groups continually adapt their financing methods to circumvent counter-terrorism measures.

**State Sponsors:**

While specific states are not consistently and publicly named by international bodies as direct, ongoing sponsors of Islamic extremist groups in Nigeria and West Africa in the same vein as global state sponsorship designations, the complex geopolitical landscape means external influences and historic interventions (like the situation in Libya) are sometimes cited as contributing factors to regional instability that extremist groups exploit. The primary identified external financial support comes from transnational terrorist organizations like ISIS and networks of individuals, rather than direct state sponsorship in most public accounts.

In conclusion, the financing of Islamic extremism in Nigeria and West Africa is a multifaceted issue, deeply intertwined with local criminal economies, regional instability, and international extremist networks. Efforts to counter this require a comprehensive approach that addresses both the local drivers of funding and the transnational financial flows supporting these groups.

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