Oral Cholera Vaccines: Advancements and Global Impact.

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Cholera vaccines are crucial tools in preventing and controlling cholera, an acute diarrheal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Here's a summary of key information about them:

Types of Cholera Vaccines:

  • Oral Cholera Vaccines (OCVs):
    • These are the most commonly used cholera vaccines today.
    • They are generally safe and effective, and easier to administer than older injectable vaccines.
    • There are different types of OCVs, including:
      • Killed whole-cell vaccines: These contain inactivated V. cholerae bacteria. Examples include Dukoral, Shanchol, and Euvichol-Plus.
      • Live attenuated vaccines: there are also live attenuated vaccines, that use a weakened form of the cholera bacteria. An example of this is Vaxchora.
  • Key components:
    • The vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies that protect against V. cholerae.
    • Some vaccines contain the cholera toxin B subunit, which also aids in protection.

Use and Administration:

  • Who should get vaccinated:
    • Cholera vaccination is recommended for people at high risk of cholera, such as those living in or traveling to areas where cholera is endemic or experiencing an outbreak.
    • It's also used in outbreak control and humanitarian emergencies.
  • Administration:
    • OCVs are administered orally, typically in two doses, although single dose options are available.
    • The live attenuated vaccine Vaxchora is a single dose vaccine.
  • Effectiveness:
    • OCVs provide protection against cholera, but they do not offer 100% protection.
    • Vaccination should be used in conjunction with other preventive measures, such as safe water and sanitation.

Important Considerations:

  • Limitations:
    • The duration of protection from OCVs varies.
    • Vaccines are most effective when used in conjunction with improvements to sanitation, and clean water access.
  • WHO Recommendations:
    • The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of OCVs in cholera control strategies.
    • The WHO maintains a global stockpile of cholera vaccines for use in outbreaks.

In summary, cholera vaccines, particularly OCVs, play a vital role in preventing and controlling cholera outbreaks.

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